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What Did the Addition of Under God to the Pledge of Allegiance and Adopting

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Loyalty oath to the flag and republic of the U.S.

Pledge of Allegiance
(Bellamy versions)
(changes are bolded and underlined )
1892
(first version)[1]
"I pledge fidelity to my Flag and the Commonwealth for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with freedom and justice for all."
1892 to 1923
(early revision past Bellamy)[2]
"I pledge allegiance to my Flag and to the Republic for which information technology stands, one nation, indivisible, with freedom and justice for all."
1923 to 1924[3]
"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the U.s. and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."
1924 to 1954[three]
"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the Usa of America and to the Democracy for which information technology stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."
1954
(current version, per iv U.S.C. §4)[4]
"I pledge fidelity to the Flag of the United states of america of America , and to the Democracy for which information technology stands, one N ation nether God , indivisible, with freedom and justice for all."

Schoolchildren in 1899 reciting the Pledge of Allegiance

The Pledge of Allegiance of the U.s.a. is an expression of allegiance to the flag of the United States and the republic of the Usa. Such a pledge was get-go composed, with a text different from the one used now, by Helm George Thatcher Balch, a Union Army Officer during the Civil War and afterwards a teacher of patriotism in New York City schools.[five] [half-dozen] The form of the pledge used today was largely devised by Francis Bellamy in 1892, and formally adopted by Congress equally the pledge l years later, in 1942.[7] The official name of The Pledge of Allegiance was adopted in 1945. The most recent alteration of its diction came on Flag Solar day (June 14) in 1954, when the words "under God" were added.[8]

Recital [edit]

Congressional sessions open up with the recital of the Pledge, equally do many government meetings at local levels, and meetings held past many private organizations. All states except California, Hawaii, Vermont, and Wyoming require a regularly scheduled recitation of the pledge in public schools.[ commendation needed ] California requires a "patriotic exercise" every twenty-four hour period, which would be satisfied by the Pledge, but it is non enforced.[9] The Supreme Courtroom has ruled in Due west Virginia State Lath of Education v. Barnette that students cannot be compelled to recite the Pledge, nor can they exist punished for not doing so.[10] In several states, land flag pledges of fidelity are required to exist recited afterwards the pledge to the American flag.[eleven]

The current United States Flag Code says:

The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag: "I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the Us of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, ane Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all," should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the middle. When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform should remain silent, confront the flag, and render the military machine salute.[12] Members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and veterans may render the military salute in the style provided for persons in uniform.[four]

Origins [edit]

Balch pledge [edit]

Col. George T. Balch wrote an early on pledge of allegiance.

Rev. Francis Bellamy wrote the version that became official.

An early on pledge was created in 1887 by Captain George T. Balch,[thirteen] a veteran of the Ceremonious War, who afterward became auditor of the New York Board of Pedagogy.[14] Balch's pledge, which was recited contemporaneously with Bellamy's until the 1923 National Flag Conference, read:[13]

Nosotros give our heads and hearts to God and our state; i land, one language, one flag!

Balch was a proponent of education children, especially those of immigrants, loyalty to the United states, even going and so far as to write a book on the subject and work with both the government and individual organizations to distribute flags to every classroom and school.[15] Balch's pledge, which predates Francis Bellamy'southward by five years and was embraced by many schools, by the Daughters of the American Revolution until the 1910s, and past the Yard Army of the Republic until the 1923 National Flag Conference, is oft disregarded when discussing the history of the Pledge.[xvi]

Bellamy pledge [edit]

The pledge that later on evolved into the form used today is believed to accept been composed in August 1892 by Francis Bellamy (1855–1931). Nevertheless, in February 2022, Barry Popik tweeted a May 1892 newspaper report from Hays, Kansas, of a schoolhouse flag-raising on thirty Apr accompanied by an virtually identical pledge.[17] Francis Bellamy, who was a Baptist minister, a Christian socialist,[18] [19] and the cousin of Edward Bellamy (1850–1898), described the text of Balch'south pledge as "likewise juvenile and lacking in dignity."[xx] The Bellamy "Pledge of Allegiance" was first published in the September viii 1892 issue of the pop children's magazine The Youth'southward Companion as function of the National Public-Schoolhouse Celebration of Columbus Day, a commemoration of the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's inflow in the Americas. The event was conceived and promoted past James B. Upham, a marketer for the magazine, as a campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism in students and to encourage children to raise flags above their schools.[21] According to author Margarette S. Miller, this entrada was in line both with Upham's patriotic vision as well as with his commercial interest. According to Miller, Upham "would oft say to his wife: 'Mary, if I can instill into the minds of our American youth a dearest for their country and the principles on which it was founded, and create in them an ambition to acquit on with the ethics which the early founders wrote into The Constitution, I shall non have lived in vain.'"[22]

Bellamy'due south original Pledge read:

I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which information technology stands, 1 nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.[1] [23]

The Pledge was supposed to be quick and to the point. Bellamy designed it to be recited in xv seconds. Equally a socialist, he had initially also considered using the words equality and fraternity [21] but decided against it, knowing that the state superintendents of instruction on his committee were confronting equality for women and African Americans.[ citation needed ]

Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National Education Association to support the Youth's Companion as a sponsor of the Columbus Day observance and the use in that observance of the American flag. By June 29, 1892, Bellamy and Upham had arranged for Congress and President Benjamin Harrison to denote a proclamation making the public school flag ceremony the center of the Columbus Twenty-four hour period celebrations. This arrangement was formalized when Harrison issued Presidential Proclamation 335. Afterward, the Pledge was outset used in public schools on Oct 12, 1892, during Columbus Day observances organized to coincide with the opening of the World's Columbian Exposition (the Chicago Earth's Off-white), Illinois.[24]

Francis Bellamy's account [edit]

In his recollection of the creation of the Pledge, Francis Bellamy said, "At the get-go of the nineties patriotism and national feeling was (sic) at a depression ebb. The patriotic avidity of the Civil State of war was an old story ... The time was ripe for a reawakening of simple Americanism and the leaders in the new movement rightly felt that patriotic teaching should begin in the public schools."[20] James Upham "felt that a flag should exist on every schoolhouse,"[xx] and then his publication "fostered a plan of selling flags to schools through the children themselves at cost, which was so successful that 25,000 schools acquired flags in the first year (1892–93).[twenty]

As the World's Columbian Exposition was set up to celebrate the 400th anniversary of the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas, Upham sought to link the publication's flag drive to the event, "and then that every school in the land ... would take a flag raising, under the virtually impressive weather condition."[20] Bellamy was placed in charge of this functioning and was soon lobbying "not but the superintendents of education in all united states of america, but [he] as well worked with governors, Congressmen, and fifty-fifty the President of the Usa."[20] The publication'southward efforts paid off when Benjamin Harrison declared Wednesday October 12, 1892, to be Columbus Day for which The Youth's Companion made "an official plan for universal utilize in all the schools."[20] Bellamy recalled that the event "had to be more than a list of exercises. The ritual must exist prepared with simplicity and nobility."[twenty]

Edna Dean Proctor wrote an ode for the upshot, and "There was also an oration suitable for declamation."[20] Bellamy held that "Of course, the nub of the program was to be the raising of the flag, with a salute to the flag recited by the pupils in unison."[20] He found "There was non a satisfactory enough grade for this salute. The Balch salute, which ran, "I requite my centre and my paw to my country, 1 country, one language, one flag," seemed to him likewise juvenile and defective in dignity."[20] After working on the thought with Upham, Bellamy ended, "It was my thought that a vow of loyalty or allegiance to the flag should be the dominant idea. I particularly stressed the word 'allegiance'. ... Commencement with the new word allegiance, I kickoff decided that 'pledge' was a better schoolhouse word than 'vow' or 'swear'; and that the get-go person singular should be used, and that 'my' flag was preferable to 'the.'"[20] Bellamy considered the words "country, nation, or Republic," choosing the last equally "it distinguished the form of government chosen by the founding fathers and established by the Revolution. The true reason for allegiance to the flag is the Commonwealth for which it stands."[xx] Bellamy then reflected on the sayings of Revolutionary and Civil War figures, and concluded "all that pictured struggle reduced itself to three words, one Nation indivisible."[xx]

Bellamy considered the slogan of the French Revolution, Liberté, égalité, fraternité ("liberty, equality, fraternity"), only held that "fraternity was as well remote of realization, and … [that] equality was a dubious discussion."[xx] Concluding "Liberty and justice were surely basic, were undebatable, and were all that any i Nation could handle. If they were exercised for all. They involved the spirit of equality and fraternity."[20]

After being reviewed by Upham and other members of The Youth's Companion, the Pledge was approved and put in the official Columbus Solar day program. Bellamy noted that "in later years the words 'to my flag' were changed to 'to the flag of the Usa of America' because of the large number of foreign children in the schools."[20] Bellamy disliked the alter, as "information technology did injure the rhythmic rest of the original composition."[20]

Changes [edit]

A plaque in Lansing, Michigan, dated 1918, listing the Balch Pledge, which was used parallel to the Bellamy Pledge until the National Flag Conference in 1923

In 1906, The Daughters of the American Revolution's magazine, The American Monthly, used the following wording for the pledge of allegiance, based on Balch's Pledge:

I pledge fidelity to my flag, and the republic for which information technology stands. I pledge my caput and my centre to God and my country. One land, one language and one flag.[16]

In subsequent publications of the Daughters of the American Revolution, such every bit in 1915's "Proceedings of the Xx-Fourth Continental Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution" and 1916'south annual "National Study," the previous pledge (adjusted to read "I pledge my caput, my hand, my eye..."), listed as official in 1906, is at present categorized equally "One-time Pledge" with Bellamy's version under the heading "New Pledge."[25] [26] However, the "Onetime Pledge" continued to be used by other organizations until the National Flag Conference established uniform flag procedures in 1923.

In 1923, the National Flag Conference called for the words "my Flag" to exist changed to "the Flag of the United States," so that new immigrants would not confuse loyalties between their birth countries and the US. The words "of America" were added a year subsequently. Congress officially recognized the Pledge for the outset time, in the following course, on June 22, 1942:[27]

I pledge allegiance to the flag of the Us of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.

Addition of "under God" [edit]

"Under God" redirects here. For the book past Toby Mac and Michael Tait, come across Under God (volume).

Louis Albert Bowman, an attorney from Illinois, was the offset to suggest the addition of "nether God" to the pledge. The National Club of the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him an Accolade of Merit as the originator of this idea.[28] [29] He spent his adult life in the Chicago area and was chaplain of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. At a coming together on February 12, 1948,[28] he led the society in reciting the pledge with the ii words "under God" added. He said that the words came from Lincoln'south Gettysburg Address. Although not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Accost contain the words "nether God", all the reporters' transcripts of the speech as delivered do, as mayhap Lincoln may take deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said "that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom."[xxx] Bowman repeated his revised version of the Pledge at other meetings.[28]

During the Common cold War era, many Americans wanted to distinguish the U.s.a. from the land atheism promoted by Marxist-Leninist countries, a view that led to support for the words "nether God" to be added to the Pledge of Fidelity.[31] [32]

In 1951, the Knights of Columbus, the world'due south largest Cosmic fraternal service organization, also began including the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance.[33] In New York City, on April 30, 1951, the lath of directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to ameliorate the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by add-on of the words "under God" after the words "i nation." Over the next ii years, the idea spread throughout Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide. On August 21, 1952, the Supreme Council of the Knights of Columbus at its annual coming together adopted a resolution urging that the alter be made universal, and copies of this resolution were sent to the President, the Vice President (as Presiding Officeholder of the Senate), and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. The National Fraternal Congress meeting in Boston on September 24, 1952, adopted a similar resolution upon the recommendation of its president, Supreme Knight Luke Eastward. Hart. Several Land Fraternal Congresses acted also about immediately thereafter. This campaign led to several official attempts to prompt Congress to adopt the Knights of Columbus policy for the entire nation. These attempts were eventually a success.[34]

At the suggestion of a correspondent, Representative Louis C. Rabaut (D-Mich.), of Michigan sponsored a resolution to add together the words "under God" to the Pledge in 1953.[35]

Before February 1954, no endeavour to get the pledge officially amended had succeeded. The last successful push came from George MacPherson Docherty. Some American presidents honored Lincoln'southward birthday past attending services at the church Lincoln attended, New York Avenue Presbyterian Church by sitting in Lincoln's pew on the Lord's day nearest February 12. On February seven, 1954, with President Eisenhower sitting in Lincoln's pew, the church'southward pastor, George MacPherson Docherty, delivered a sermon based on the Gettysburg Address entitled "A New Nativity of Freedom." He argued that the nation's might lay not in artillery but rather in its spirit and higher purpose. He noted that the Pledge'southward sentiments could be those of any nation: "At that place was something missing in the pledge, and that which was missing was the characteristic and definitive cistron in the American style of life." He cited Lincoln's words "under God" as defining words that set the US apart from other nations.[ citation needed ]

President Eisenhower had been baptized a Presbyterian very recently, just a twelvemonth before. He responded enthusiastically to Docherty in a conversation following the service. Eisenhower acted on his suggestion the next day and on Feb viii, 1954, Rep. Charles Oakman (R-Mich.), introduced a bill to that effect. Congress passed the necessary legislation and Eisenhower signed the beak into police on Flag Twenty-four hour period, June xiv, 1954.[36] Eisenhower said:

From this day forward, the millions of our school children volition daily proclaim in every metropolis and town, every village and rural schoolhouse house, the dedication of our nation and our people to the Almighty.... In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America's heritage and future; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our land'due south most powerful resources, in peace or in war.[37]

The phrase "under God" was incorporated into the Pledge of Allegiance on June xiv, 1954, by a Articulation Resolution of Congress amending § 4 of the Flag Code enacted in 1942.[36]

On October 6, 1954, the National Executive Commission of the American Legion adopted a resolution, starting time canonical by the Illinois American Legion Convention in August 1954, which formally recognized the Knights of Columbus for having initiated and brought frontwards the amendment to the Pledge of Allegiance.[34]

Fifty-fifty though the motility behind inserting "nether God" into the pledge might take been initiated by a individual religious fraternity and even though references to God announced in previous versions of the pledge, historian Kevin K. Kruse asserts that this motion was an effort by corporate America to instill in the minds of the people that commercialism and free enterprise were heavenly blessed. Kruse acknowledges the insertion of the phrase was influenced by the push-back against Russian and Chinese atheistic communism during the Cold War, but argues the longer arc of history shows the conflation of Christianity and capitalism as a claiming to the New Deal played the larger role.[31]

Salute [edit]

Swearing of the Pledge is accompanied by a salute. An early version of the salute, adopted in 1887, was known as the Balch Salute. This salute accompanied the Balch pledge and instructed students to stand with their right hand outstretched toward the flag, the fingers of which are then brought to the forehead, followed by being placed flat over the heart, and finally falling to the side.

In 1892, Francis Bellamy created what was known as the Bellamy salute. It started with the hand outstretched toward the flag, palm down, and ended with the palm up. Considering of the similarity between the Bellamy salute and the Nazi salute, which was adopted in Germany later, the US Congress stipulated that the hand-over-the-heart gesture every bit the salute to exist rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national canticle in the The states would be the salute to replace the Bellamy salute. Removal of the Bellamy salute occurred on Dec 22, 1942, when Congress amended the Flag Code language start passed into law on June 22, 1942.[38] Attached to bills passed in Congress in 2008 and then in 2009 (Section 301(b)(ane) of title 36, United States Code), language was included which authorized all active duty military personnel and all veterans in civilian wearing apparel to return a proper manus salute during the raising and lowering of the flag, when the colors are presented, and during the National Anthem.[39]

Sarah Churchwell has argued that the term "salute", as it relates to the Bellamy and Balch salutes, historically referred to the words of the pledges themselves, not a physical gesture.[xl]

Music [edit]

Musical setting by Irving Caesar

Musical setting by Irving Caesar

A musical setting for "The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag" was created by Irving Caesar, at the suggestion of Congressman Louis C. Rabaut whose House Resolution 243 to add the phrase "nether God" was signed into law on Flag 24-hour interval, June xiv, 1954.[41]

The composer, Irving Caesar, wrote and published over 700 songs in his lifetime. Dedicated to social issues, he donated all rights of the musical setting to the U.S. government, so that anyone can perform the slice without owing royalties.[42] [43]

Information technology was sung for the beginning time on the floor of the Firm of Representatives on Flag Mean solar day, June fourteen, 1955 by the official Air Force choral grouping the "Singing Sergeants". A July 29, 1955 House and Senate resolution authorized the U.Due south. Government Printing Function to print and distribute the song canvass together with a history of the pledge.[44]

Other musical versions of the Pledge have since been copyrighted, including by Beck (2003), Lovrekovich (2002 and 2001), Roton (1991), Fijol (1986), and Girardet (1983).[45]

Controversy [edit]

In 1940, the Supreme Court, in Minersville School District v. Gobitis, ruled that students in public schools, including the respondents in that case—Jehovah's Witnesses who considered the flag salute to be idolatry—could be compelled to swear the Pledge. In 1943, in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, the Supreme Court reversed its conclusion. Justice Robert H. Jackson, writing for the six to 3 majority, went beyond simply ruling in the precise matter presented by the case to say that public school students are not required to say the Pledge on narrow grounds, and asserted that such ideological dogmata are antonymous to the principles of the country, concluding with:

If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall exist orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or forcefulness citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein. If there are any circumstances which allow an exception, they do not now occur to u.s..[46]

In 2004, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals held that students are likewise not required to stand up for the Pledge.[47]

First graders of Japanese beginnings pledging allegiance to the American flag (1942, photo by Dorothea Lange)

Requiring or promoting of the Pledge on the function of the government has continued to draw criticism and legal challenges on several grounds.

Ane objection is that a constitutional republic built on freedom of dissent should not require its citizens to pledge allegiance to it, and that the Offset Amendment to the U.s.a. Constitution protects the right to refrain from speaking or standing, which itself is also a grade of speech in the context of the ritual of pledging fidelity.[48] [47] Another objection is that the people who are near likely to recite the Pledge every solar day, pocket-sized children in schools, cannot really give their consent or even completely understand the Pledge they are making.[49] [50] Another criticism is the conventionalities that a government requiring or promoting the phrase "nether God" violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the Outset Amendment.[51] [52]

In 2004, linguist Geoffrey Nunberg said the original supporters of the addition thought that they were simply quoting Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, simply to Lincoln and his contemporaries, "under God" meant "God willing", so they would have establish its use in the Pledge of Allegiance grammatically wrong and semantically odd.[53] [54]

Legal challenges [edit]

Prominent legal challenges were brought in the 1930s and 1940s past Jehovah's Witnesses, a denomination whose beliefs preclude swearing loyalty to any power other than God, and who objected to policies in public schools requiring students to swear an oath to the flag.[55] They said requiring the pledge violated their liberty of faith guaranteed past the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. The first case was in 1935, when two children, Lillian and William Gobitas, ages 10 and twelve, were expelled from the Minersville, Pennsylvania, public schools that yr for failing to salute the flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance.[56]

In a 2002 case brought by atheist Michael Newdow, whose daughter was being taught the Pledge in school, the Ninth Circuit Courtroom of Appeals ruled the phrase "under God" an unconstitutional endorsement of monotheism when the Pledge was promoted in public schoolhouse. In 2004, the Supreme Courtroom heard Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, an appeal of the ruling, and rejected Newdow's claim on the grounds that he was non the custodial parent, and therefore lacked continuing, thus avoiding ruling on the merits of whether the phrase was constitutional in a school-sponsored recitation. On January 3, 2005, a new adapt was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern Commune of California on behalf of three unnamed families. On September xiv, 2005, Commune Court Guess Lawrence Karlton ruled in their favor. Citing the precedent of the 2002 ruling by the Ninth Excursion Court of Appeals, Judge Karlton issued an order stating that, upon proper motion, he would enjoin the school commune defendants from continuing their practices of leading children in pledging fidelity to "one Nation under God."[57]

In 2006, in the Florida instance Frazier v. Alexandre, a federal commune court in Florida ruled that a 1942 land law requiring students to stand up and recite the Pledge of Allegiance violates the Get-go and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.South. Constitution.[58] As a consequence of that decision, a Florida school district was ordered to pay $32,500 to a educatee who chose non to say the pledge and was ridiculed and called "unpatriotic" by a teacher.[59]

In 2009, a Montgomery County, Maryland, teacher berated and had school police remove a xiii-year-old girl who refused to say the Pledge of Allegiance in the classroom. The student's mother, assisted by the American Ceremonious Liberties Union of Maryland, sought and received an apology from the teacher, equally country constabulary and the school'southward student handbook both prohibit students from being forced to recite the Pledge.[lx]

On March 11, 2010, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of Newdow v. Rio Linda Union Schoolhouse Commune.[61] [62] In a 2–1 decision, the appellate court ruled that the words were of a "ceremonial and patriotic nature" and did not establish an institution of religion.[61] Gauge Stephen Reinhardt dissented, writing that "the country-directed, teacher-led daily recitation in public schools of the amended 'under God' version of the Pledge of Fidelity... violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution."[63]

On November 12, 2010, in a unanimous determination, the Us Court of Appeals for the First Excursion in Boston affirmed a ruling by a New Hampshire lower federal court which institute that the pledge's reference to God does not violate not-pledging students' rights if student participation in the pledge is voluntary.[64] [65] A Us Supreme Court appeal of this decision was denied on June 13, 2011.[66] [67]

In September 2013, a instance was brought before the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, arguing that the pledge violates the Equal Rights Amendment of the Constitution of Massachusetts.[68] In May 2014, Massachusetts' highest court ruled that the pledge does not discriminate against atheists, proverb that the words "nether God" represent a patriotic, non a religious, exercise.[69]

In February 2015 New Jersey Superior Court Judge David F. Bauman dismissed a lawsuit, ruling that "… the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the rights of those who don't believe in God and does non accept to be removed from the patriotic message."[70] The case against the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School Commune had been brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase "under God" in the pledge created a climate of bigotry considering it promoted religion, making non-believers "2d-class citizens." In a 21-folio conclusion, Bauman wrote, "Under [the association members'] reasoning, the very constitution under which [the members] seek redress for perceived atheistic marginalization could itself exist accounted unconstitutional, an absurd proposition which [clan members] do not and cannot accelerate here."[70] Bauman said the educatee could skip the pledge, but upheld a New Jersey police force that says pupils must recite the pledge unless they have "careful scruples" that exercise not allow it.[71] [72] He noted, "As a matter of historical tradition, the words 'under God' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words 'In God Nosotros Trust' from every money in the country, than the words 'so assistance me God' from every presidential oath since 1789, or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787."

See also [edit]

  • Australian citizenship affirmation, a similar concept
  • Ceremonial deism
  • Flag salute
  • Loyalty oaths in the United states of america
    • Adjuration of Allegiance (United states)
  • Youth'due south Companion Edifice, where the Pledge of Allegiance was written and published
  • Accommodationism and Separation of church and state, which provide more information surrounding "under God" in the pledge

References [edit]

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  2. ^ Jones, Jeffrey Owen. "The Homo Who Wrote the Pledge of Allegiance," Smithsonian Mag, November. 2003. Retrieved June xiv, 2018.
  3. ^ a b "The Pledge of Allegiance," Celebrating America's Freedoms. n.d. U.S. Dept. of Veterans Affairs. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  4. ^ a b "Title 4, Chapter 1, Section 4, US Lawmaking". Retrieved March xxx, 2021.
  5. ^ Kirkpatrick, Melanie. "One Nation, Indivisible". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
  6. ^ "Captain and Brevet Lieutenant Colonel George T. Balch, Ordnance Corps Hall of Fame Inductee 2001, U.S. Army Ordnance Corps". www.goordnance.army.mil . Retrieved November 1, 2015.
  7. ^ "Guild & Community. Faith in America: The Legal Dilemma". Now with Bill Moyers. PBS. June 29, 2002.
  8. ^ "The Pledge of Allegiance". WVSD.USCourts.gov. United States District Court for the Southern Commune of West Virginia. Retrieved June 14, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
  9. ^ Tucker, Jill (March 23, 2013). "Many schools skip Pledge of Fidelity". San Francisco Relate. Archived from the original on March 27, 2013. Retrieved September xviii, 2019. California state law doesn't require the recitation in schools, although 45 other states do. But students can't be required to say it or even stand up during the pledge, according to a Supreme Court decision. ... California does require every public school to include a "patriotic practise" every 24-hour interval - which the pledge would fulfill - but it'southward a vague requirement that's non enforced.
  10. ^ Crawford, Amy (September 2015), "PR Gimmick to Patriotic Vow; Francis Bellamy had no thought how famous, and controversial, his quick ditty would become", Smithsonian Mag
  11. ^ "American & Land Pledges". Speck'south Web. November 16, 2013. Retrieved September iv, 2014.
  12. ^ U.S. Code 2011, Championship four, Chap. one, Sec. 4. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  13. ^ a b Jehle, Dr Paul (June 1, 2018). ""Nether God" in the Pledge of Allegiance – 1954". Plymouth Rock Foundation . Retrieved August 22, 2020.
  14. ^ "George T. Balch • Cullum'south Register • 1496". penelope.uchicago.edu . Retrieved Baronial 22, 2020.
  15. ^ The Overland Monthly. Samuel Carson. January 1, 1891.
  16. ^ a b Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine. National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. January 1, 1906.
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    • @barrypopik (February 24, 2022). ""Pledge of Fidelity" on April xxx, 1892?" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  18. ^ Kubal, Timothy (October 2008). Cultural Movements and Collective Retentivity: Christopher Columbus and the Rewriting of the National Origin Myth. Basingstoke, Hampshire, GBR: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9780230615762. ISBN978-0-230-61576-ii.
  19. ^ "K Lodge of BC and Yukon contour of Bellamy". Freemasonry.bcy.ca. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m northward o p q r Bellamy, Francis. "A Cursory Synopsis of the Story of the Origin of the Pledge taken from the Detailed Narrative by Francis Bellamy, Author of the Pledge". Congressional Tape 91 Cong. Rec. (1945) House: 5510–5511.
  21. ^ a b Bellamy, Francis, "The Story of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag," University of Rochester Library Bulletin, Vol. Eight, Winter 1953.
  22. ^ Miller, Margarette S. (1946). I Pledge Allegiance. Christopher Publishing Business firm, Youth's companion.
  23. ^ Francis Bellamy – The word "to" was inserted between "my Flag and" and "the Republic" in Oct 1892.
  24. ^ Miller, Margarette Due south. (1976). Twenty 3 Words: A Biography of Francis Bellamy: Author of the Pledge of Allegiance. Portsmouth, Vir.: Printcraft Printing. pp. 63–65 ISBN 0-686-15626-9
  25. ^ Congressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Role. January one, 1917.
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Farther reading [edit]

  • Martin, Leisa A. (May–June 2008). "Examining the Pledge of Allegiance". Social Studies. 99 (3): 127–131. doi:10.3200/tsss.99.3.127-131. S2CID 144498218.
  • Baer, John W. (2007). The Pledge of Fidelity: A Revised History and Analysis, 1892–2007 (Free State Printing, Inc.) ISBN 978-0-9650620-2-2 Extract, Chapter Eight: "Nether God" and Other Questions About the Pledge.
  • Ellis, Richard J. (2005). To the Flag: The Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance (Lawrence: Academy of Kansas Printing) ISBN 0-7006-1372-2
  • Leepson, Marc (2005). Flag: An American Biography (Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin'south Printing) ISBN 0-312-32308-5
  • Kruse, Kevin M. (2015). I Nation Nether God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America, Basic Books, ISBN 0465049494.

External links [edit]

  • four U.s.a.C. § four
  • Docherty's Sermon Manuscript, Feb. 7, 1954
  • Minister Reprises "Under God" Sermon

wilsonrocklairling.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance

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